Reforming Japan’s greying agricultural sector
By Patricia L. Maclachlan, University of Texas, and Kay Shimizu, University of Pittsburgh
Photo by Toshihiro Gamo
In 2015, the government of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe spearheaded a series of unprecedented amendments to the 1947 Agricultural Cooperative Law. These changes will loosen the stifling controls of the national and prefectural organisations of Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (JA) over local co-ops and farmers. The fact that the amendments were hammered out while Japan was in the throes of negotiating its participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) suggests that the government was intent on strengthening competition in the farm sector in anticipation of freer trade.
But while there is no doubt that the Abe government is committed to agricultural liberalisation, the spectre of the TPP took a back seat to domestic incentives for reform. Among those incentives are deteriorating demographic and economic conditions in the countryside and changes within JA itself.
Japanese agriculture is in the midst of a multi-faceted crisis
Japanese agriculture is in the midst of a multi-faceted crisis. For starters, farmers are ageing at an alarming rate. In 2010, 23 per cent of the general population was age 65 or older, while the corresponding proportion for commercial farmers was a whopping 61.6 per cent — nearly double that of 1990. By 2014, that figure had risen to 63.6 per cent.
The flip side of the greying of Japanese farmers has been an acute shortage of farm successors (kōkeisha).Although statistics are sketchy on this point, one 2009 government survey suggests that at least half of farmers aged 65 and over lack successors.
In personal interviews conducted since 2014 in farm communities around the country, more concern was expressed over these demographic pressures than the TPP, the future of which has long been uncertain.
A major reason why successors are in short supply is that the profitability of farming has declined. Farm household incomes have been cut roughly in half since 1960. This is a result of shrinking consumer demand, plummeting rice prices following the 1995 liberalisation of the Japanese rice market, declining government subsidies, and the rising costs of many farm inputs and services. What’s more, the average farm size, at just under two hectares (approximately five acres), is far too small to achieve a lucrative economy of scale.
Abandoned farmland in Japan now totals roughly one and a half times the size of metropolitan Tokyo
It is for these and related reasons that many cultivators are quitting farming and even abandoning their farmland. By our calculation, abandoned farmland in Japan now totals roughly one and a half times the size of metropolitan Tokyo — a politically unacceptable level given Japan’s relative scarcity of arable land.
JA has long been an impediment to the resolution of these problems. Its purchasing and marketing division jacks up cultivation costs by charging inflated fees and commissions. JA also goes out of its way to keep inefficient small-scale, part-time farmers in business, not least because they comprise the bulk of farmer-member demand for JA services. It should come as no surprise that as the Abe government confronted the myriad problems of the farm sector, it set its reformist sights on JA.
Japan’s agricultural crisis has festered for nearly a generation. That it has triggered co-op reform now is testament to the recent expansion of political opportunities for change. The ‘iron triangle’ among sympathetic Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Diet members, bureaucrats in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and JA executives that dominated postwar policymaking in defence of the agricultural status quo has been steadily breaking down. And in the wake of past electoral reforms, the ability of JA to exchange votes for political favours has shrunk. These and other developments have facilitated Abe’s efforts to seize the initiative and push through co-op reforms that would have been unthinkable even a decade ago.
This is not to suggest that Abe and company are charting completely new territory: to the contrary, the evidence suggests that co-op reform is a reaction to changes that have already occurred among some of JA’s nearly 700 local co-ops. Over the past decade or so, many local co-ops have voluntarily adopted more market-oriented business models in their efforts to overcome demographic and economic pressures. In so doing, some have openly defied JA’s national service and administrative organisations.
Many local co-ops have voluntarily adopted more market-oriented business models in their efforts to overcome demographic and economic pressures
Fukui Prefecture’s JA Echizen Takefu, for instance, all but severed its ties with the JA Group in order to sell members’ rice directly to consumers and procure farm inputs and other services from the open market. Other co-ops are pursuing profitable business ventures while remaining within the JA network. These developments reflect a deepening entrepreneurial spirit among farmers themselves, particularly younger, full-time cultivators who are no longer content to passively follow the dictates of JA. A small but growing number of farm households are taking advantage of years of small-scale regulatory and legal changes to expand their holdings, incorporate their farms, partner with non-farm corporations, and negotiate directly with buyers.
The Abe government’s co-op reforms represent not so much a starting point for enhanced competition among local co-ops and farmers but the culmination and acceleration of market-oriented trends that have already gained a foothold in Japanese agriculture.
About the author
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Patricia L. Maclachlan is an Associate Professor of Government and Asian Studies at the Department of Asian Studies, University of Texas. |
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Kay Shimizu is a Research Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh.
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About AJRC
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The Australia-Japan Research Centre (AJRC) at Crawford School of Public Policy conducts research to explore and improve understanding of the economies and economic policy processes in Australia and Japan and both countries' strategic interests in the Asia Pacific economy. Its policy-oriented areas of interest cover developments in regional economic cooperation and integration and encompass research on trade, finance, macroeconomics and structural and regulatory reform, as well as international economic relations. |
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