This paper examines the causal relationship between exports and firm learning with direct evidence on the learning mechanisms of exporters in Vietnam from 2010—17. The paper finds evidence of learning only among persistent exporters after netting out self-selection effects. Export intensity increases learning while export experience has a U-shaped impact on total factor productivity of persistent exporters. Compared with casual exporters, persistent exporters are more likely to receive technology transfer from foreign clients and more likely to invest in technology, infrastructure, and staff training to meet the contractual requirements of international customers.